Integracija ekološke i vizuelne procene predela za potrebe planiranja prostornog razvoja Srbije

Abstract

Predmet rada je specifično istraživanje načina povezivanja ekološke i vizuelne procene predela u cilju razvoja optimalne, kvantitativne metode integrisane procene karaktera predela. Proučavanje integrativnog pristupa u proceni predela i njegove primene u sistemu planiranja prostornog razvoja Srbije bilo je inicirano potrebama savremenog planiranja predela. Istraživanja ukazuju da su prevaziđene postojeće metode procene predela, a da su savremenom planiranju predela neophodne nove metode koje integrišu principe predeone ekologije i vizuelne estetike predela kao celine u proceni vrednosti (kvaliteta) predela, osnovna je teza koja je pokrenula ovo istraživanje. Savremeno koncipiran predeo se sagledava kao holistički, dinamičan i perceptibilan prostorni entitet prirodnih i kulturnih vrednosti koji se interpretira u formi jedinstvenog karaktera predela. Karakter predela kao rezultat holističke interpretacije vrednosti predela postaje prostorni i istraživački okviru u odnosu na koji se planira njegov razvoj i zaštita. Savremen koncept predela dobio je legitimitet u Evropskoj konvenciji o predelu koju je Republika Srbija ratifikovala 2011. godine i obavezala se da integriše predeo u politike prostornog i urbanističkog planiranja. U radu su ponuđeni elementi za razvoj integrativnog pristupa u planiranju predela. Razvijen je metodski postupak kao deo ishoda savremenog prostornog koncepta i planerskih principa. Metodski postupak je zasnovan na identifikovanim indikatorima: koherentnosti, kompleksnosti, prirodnosti i otvorenosti kojima se povezuju i kombinuju predeonoekološki i vizuelni principi i simultano procenjuje stanje karaktera predela. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja ekološke i vizuelne procene predela izdvojio se pristup koji težište integracije zasniva na strukturnim aspektima predela, kompoziciji i konfiguraciji, koji se kvantitativno iskazuju i analiziraju primenom metrike predela. Metrika predela predstavlja vrlo aktivno istraživačko polje koje je rezultovalo velikim brojem parametara i složenih indeksa koji se primenjuju u proceni ekoloških funkcija i procesa, kao i vizuelno-perceptivnih i estetskih karakteristika predela. Na bazi uspostavljenih kauzalnih veza definisan je metodološki okvir za kvantifikaciju i operacionalizaciju integrisanih indikatora. Predložen metodski postupak za procenu indikatora: koherentnosti, kompleksnosti, prirodnosti i otvorenosti predela, koncipiran je u vidu trostepene hijerarhijske strukture. Proceduralno, metoda je formulisana u vidu algoritma gde ulazne podatke iii predstavljaju rezultati kvantifikacije signifikantnih parametara metrike predela i ostalih parametara integrisane procene predela kojima se interpretiraju kriterijumi za procenu indikatora. Inicijalna provera metodskog postupka izvršena je na području istraživanja - opštini Mladenovac, odnosno na nivou razrade planova jedinica lokalne samouprave. Prvi preduslov za procenu integrisanih indikatora podrazumevao je identifikaciju tipova karaktera predela Mladenovca. Tipovi karaktera predela su izdvojeni primenom metode karakterizacije predela koja objedinjuje holistički i parametarski pristup. Na nivou izdvojenih tipova karaktera predela izvršena je provera aplikativnosti predložene metode. Rezultati su ukazali na visok nivo integrativnosti predeono(ekoloških) i vizuelno(estetskih) principa koji može da opravda upotrebu indikatora kao dijagnostičkih varijabli u integrisanoj, ekološkoj i vizuelnoj analizi i proceni stanja karaktera predela. Rezultati anketnog istraživanja vizuelne percepcije predela Mladenovca potvrdili su da se izdvojenim indikatorima iskazuju vrednosti jedinstvenog karaktera predela koje utiču na vizuelne preference lokalno stanovništvo i šire javnosti, odnosno da vizuelna percepcija kvaliteta predela zavisi od stepena predeone koherentnosti, kompleksnosti, prirodnosti i otvorenosti. Modaliteti primene metodskog postupka integrisane procene na nacionalnom i regionalnom nivou su ilustrovani na primeru izrade Prostornog plana Republike Srbije 2021-2035 i u okviru Studije Tipologije predela za potrebe obrživog razvoja grada Beograda u skladu sa principima Evropske konvencije o predelu. Poređenjem dobijenih rezultata primene metodskog postupka na različitim prostornim nivoima potvrđen je visok stepen podudarnosti, na osnovu čega se može zaključiti da se integrisani indikatori mogu adekvatno i pouzdano primenjivati u postupku izrade prostorno-planskih dokumenata Srbije.

The subject of this paper is a specific research of the way of connecting ecological and visual landscape assessment in order to develop an optimal, quantitative method of integrated assessment of landscape character. Studying of an integrative approach in landscape assessment and its application in the spatial development planning system of Serbia was initiated by the needs of modern landscape planning. Research indicates that the existing methods of landscape assessment have become outdated, and the fact that modern landscape planning requires new methods that integrate the principles of landscape ecology and visual aesthetics of landscape as a whole in assessment of landscape value (quality), is the basic thesis that initiated this research. The contemporary landscape concept is perceived as a holistic, dynamic and perceptible spatial entity of natural and cultural values that is interpreted in the form of a unique landscape character. The landscape character as a result of the holistic interpretation of landscape value becomes a spatial and research framework in relation to which its development and protection are planned. The contemporary landscape concept of has gained legitimacy in the European Landscape Convention, which the Republic of Serbia ratified in 2011 and committed itself to integrating landscaping into spatial and urban planning policies. This paper offers elements for development of an integrative approach in landscape planning. A methodological procedure has been developed as part of the outcome of the modern spatial concept and planning principles. The methodological procedure is based on the identified indicators: coherence, complexity, naturalness and openness, which connect and combine landscape-ecological and visual principles, and simultaneously assess the state of landscape character. Based on results of the research of ecological and visual landscape assessment, an approach has been singled out that bases the focus of integration on structural aspects of landscape, composition and configuration, which are quantitatively expressed and analyzed by using landscape metrics. Landscape metrics is a very active research field that has resulted in a large number of parameters and complex indices that are applied in the assessment of ecological functions and processes, as well as visual-perceptual and aesthetic landscape characteristics. The methodological framework for quantification and operationalization of integrated indicators is defined on the basis of established causal links. The proposed methodological procedure for assessment of indicators: coherence, complexity, naturalness and openness of landscape, is conceived in the form of a three - level hierarchical structure. Procedurally, the method is formulated in the form of an algorithm where the input data are the results of quantification of significant parameters of landscape metrics and other vi parameters of integrated landscape assessment which interpret the criteria for assessment of indicators. The initial check of the methodological procedure was performed in the research area - the municipality of Mladenovac, i.e. at the level of elaboration of plans of local self-government units. The first precondition for the assessment of integrated indicators was the identification of landscape character types in the Mladenovac area. Landscape character types have been singled out by applying a landscape characterization method that combines a holistic and parametric approach. Verification of the applicability of the proposed method was performed at the level of selected landscape character types. The results indicated a high level of integrative landscape (ecological) and visual (aesthetic) principles that can justify the use of indicators as diagnostic variables in integrated, ecological and visual analysis and assessment of landscape character status. The results of the survey research on visual perception of the Mladenovac landscape confirmed that the selected indicators show the values of a unique landscape character, that affect visual preferences of the local population and general public, namely, that visual perception of landscape quality depends on the degree of landscape coherence, complexity, naturalness and openness. Modalities of application of the methodological procedure of integrated assessment at the national and regional level are illustrated on the example of development of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2021-2035 and within the Study of Landscape Typology for Sustainable Development of the City of Belgrade in accordance with the principles of the European Landscape Convention. By comparing the obtained results of application of the methodological procedure at different spatial levels, a high degree of concordance was confirmed, based on which it can be concluded that integrated indicators can be adequately and reliably applied in the process of drafting spatial planning documents of Serbia.