Ekološke i estetske funkcije zelenih površina duž glavnih magistralnih pravaca na području Beograda

Abstract

Rad predstavlja prikaz novih saznanja o ekološkim i estetskim funkcijama zelenih površina duž beogradskih saobraćajnica. Duž 15 magistralnih pravaca na 38 zelenih površina svrstanih prema tipu gradskog biotopa u gradske ugare, zelene strukture i šibljke i šumarke i šume, ispitan je njihov uticaj na ekološke faktore: temperaturu i vlažnost vazduha, brzinu vetra i jačinu gradske buke. Na izdvojenim lokalitetima tokom dve kalendarske godine obavljana su merenja tokom proleća, leta i jeseni u svakoj godini u 3 serije sa po 2 uzastopna merenja, dok su kontrolna merenja (za ekološke faktore temperaturu i vlažnost vazduha), obavljana u jednoj seriji sa 3 uzastopna merenja. Paralelno sa navedenim istraživanjima, estetske funkcije istraživanih zelenih površina vrednovane su procenom njihovog vizuelnog kvaliteta od strane ispitanika. U osnovi, primenjen je metod za procenu lepote predela kao scene koji prmenjuje holistički istraživački pristup i zasnovan je na psihološkom aspektu estetskog doživljaja (SBE Scenic Beauty Estimation). Istraživanjem je potvrđeno da:  Na redukciju temperature vazduha značajno utiču konfiguracija terena, širina i pokrovnost zelenih površina, a naročito kada je dominantno drveće sa gustom i kompaktnom krošnjom;  Na modifikaciju vlažnosti vazduha najznačajnije utiču konfiguracija terena i pokrovnost zelenih površina, posebno kada imaju izdiferenciranu spratnost sa značajnim prisustvom žbunastih taksona i ponika drvenastih biljaka;  Na redukciju brzine vetra značajno utiče samo konfiguracija terena...

This paper presents new findings on the ecological and aesthetic functions of green spaces along roads in Belgrade. The study has investigated 38 green spaces along 15 main roads. These spaces are grouped according to the type of urban biotope, and the groups include urban fallows, green structures, thickets, groves and forests. The study investigates their impact on environmental factors, including temperature and humidity, wind speed and urban noise levels. During two calendar years, measurements were performed during spring, summer and autumn of each year at separate locations, in 3 series including 2 consecutive measurements, while the control measurements (for the environmental factors temperature and humidity) were performed in a single series of 3 consecutive measurements. In parallel with the above research, the aesthetic features of the investigated green areas were evaluated by respondents through the assessment of their visual quality. Basically, we applied the SBE Scenic Beauty Estimation method of assessment that applies a holistic research approach based on the psychological aspect of aesthetic experience. The research confirmed that:  The reduction of air temperature is significantly influenced by terrain configuration, width and ground cover of green areas, particularly in places dominated by trees with dense and compact crowns,  The factors that most significantly affect humidity modification are terrain configuration and the ground cover of green areas, especially in places with differentiated storeys and a significant share of shrub taxa and saplings of woody plants,  The reduction in wind speed is significantly influenced only by the configuration of the terrain...