Mogućnost primene aerofotogrametrije u inventuri šuma Vojvodine

Abstract

Fotogrameterija je metod i nauka prikupljanja i interpretacije informacija o udaljenim objektima, površini ili pojavi, koji su prikupljeni takvim vrstama uređaja koji nisu u direktnim kontaktu sa datim objektom, površinom ili pojavom koja se ispituje. U šumarstvu Srbije kvantitativni i kvalitativni podaci o šumskom fondu su se dobijali uglavnom primenom terestričkih metoda prikupljanja podataka. Pozitivna iskustva razvijenih zemalja u primeni aerofotogrametrije govore da se može primeniti za dobijanje informacija i u šumarstvu. Rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju da se aerofotogrametrija u znatnoj meri kao disciplina može koristiti u sastojinskoj inventuri šuma. U većini slučajeva, posebno kod šuma lužnjaka, razlike elemenata određenih testiranim metodama inventure su statistički značajne kada su u pitanju strukturni i proizvodni elementi dobijeni aerofotogrametrijom i terestričkom inventurom šuma. Zbog pokrivenosti krošnjama stabala, čak i u zasadima topola veće starosti, informacije o sastojini i staništu ne mogu se pouzdano odrediti sa snimka. Tačnost u određivanju numeričkih elemenata pre svega broja stabala ukazuju da se kod veštački podignutih sastojina topola dobijaju tačne procene ovog elemenata. Kod izdanačkih sastojina bagrema dolazi do potcenjivanja broja stabala i dobija se manji broj u odnosu na broj stabala dobijen totalnim premerom. Kada su u pitanju zasadi topola i izdanačke šume bagrema, povećanjem intenziteta premera na snimcima iznosi grešaka i odstupanja u odnosu na potpuni premer bi se smanjili u prihvatljive okvire. Kod veštački podignutih sastojina hrasta lužnjaka broj stabala je značajno potcenjen. Uzrok leži u činjenici da su se na bazi avio snimka uspešno mogla identifikovati stabala koja se nalaze u gornjem spratu, dok stabala ostalih vrsta drveća koja se nalaze u donjem spratu nisu vidljiva zbog sklopljenosti krošnji stabala hrasta lužnjaka i nemogućnosti njihove indentifikacije na avio snimku. Kombinacijom terestričke i inventure šuma na bazi avio snimaka postigla bi se veća tačnost rezultata u odnosu na tačnost koja se dobija premerom na snimku, i kao kompromisno rešenje za sastojinsku inventuru šuma u Republici Srbiji bi bila kombinovana inventura, koja u sebi spaja pozitivna svojstva terestričke inventure i inventure na bazi aerosnimaka,

Photogrammetry is a method and the science of collecting and integrating information about remote objects, a surface or a phenomenom that are collected by the types of devices that are not in direct contact with the given object, surface or phenomenon being examined. In Serbia, quantitative and qualitative data on the growing stock were obtained mainly by applying a terrestrial method of data collection. The positive experiences of developed countries in the application of aerophotogrammetry indicate that it can be used to obtain information in forestry as well. Results of these studies indicate that aerial photographs can be used to a considerable extent as a discipline in the inventory of forests. In most cases, especially in the case of common oak forests, the differences in the elements determined by the tested inventory methods are statistically significant when it comes to structural and production elements obtained by aerophotogrammetry and terrestrial forest inventory. Due to the coverage of tree canopies, even in older poplar plantations, information on stands and habitats cannot be reliably determined from the image. The accuracy in determining the numerical elements, primarily the number of trees, indicates that this element is accurately estimated in the artificially established poplar stands. The number of trees in the coppice black locust stands is underestimated and a smaller number is obtained in comparison to the number of trees obtained by total measurement. When it comes to poplar plantations and coppice black locust forests, the increase in the intensity of measurement on the aerial images would result in reduction of errors and deviations in relation to the total measurement to acceptable levels. In artificially established stands of common oak, the number of trees is significantly underestimated. The reason lies in the fact that trees in the upper storey can be successfully identified based on images, while trees of other species in the lower storey are not visible due to the closure of canopy of common oak trees and thus cannot be identified on the aerial images. A combination of terrestrial and inventory based on aerial images would result in higher accuracy of the results compared to the accuracy obtained by measurement on images, and a compromise solution for the forest inventory in the Republic of Serbia would be a combined inventory that couples the positive features of the terrestrial inventory and the inventory based on aerial images, thus providing both reliable and usable information obtained in a cost-effective manner