Major types of mixed forests of spruce, fir and beech in Montenegro

Abstract

The aim of this research was to identify characteristics of the three-dominant mixed forests of beech, fir and spruce (Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum s. lat.) in Montenegro. Basic ecological, structural and production research was first analyzed and evaluated to define the multi-disciplinary character of the forests. Forest types recognizable from these basic characteristics were then defined as follows: (i) Mixed beech, fir and spruce forest (Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum vaccinetosum s. lat.) on calcocambisol on limestone (Vukodol site): (ii) Mixed beech, fir and spruce forest (Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum s. lat.) on acid cambisol on an eruptive base (Sula site); (iii) Mixed beech, fir and spruce forest (Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum typicum s. lat.) on calcocambisol on an eruptive base of virgin forest structure (Biogradska gora). With these results an ecological based forest characterisation is available for forest planning and management.