TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bauer Živković, Andrijana
AU  - Šijačić Nikolić, Mirjana
AU  - Stojanović, Dejan
AU  - Orlović, Saša
AU  - Kovačević, Branislav
PY  - 2025
UR  - https://omorika.sfb.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1525
AB  - Variability and relationship between phenological traits and leaf, acorn, and
tree size morphometric traits were examined in early and late bud-flushing groups of the
pedunculate oak population in the vicinity of Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia. According to
the obtained three-year results, there were no significant differences in tree size and leaf
morphometric characteristics between the early and late group. The effect of trees within
phenological groups was statistically significant and considerable, especially in leaf blade
width (lbw) and leaf area (la). Acorn length (acl) and acorn index (acinx) were significantly
influenced by phenological group, achieving moderate contribution of phenological group
to the total variation. There was a clear effect of phenological group on variation of
examined phenological traits. The effect of year of monitoring on the same traits was
not significant, but there was a clear effect of interaction between phenological group
and year, especially in case of traits describing the period from bud swelling until the
emergence of wrinkled leaves (f12a), unfolded leaves (f12b), and fully developed leaves
(f12g) and their ratio with the period from 8 March until the emergence of wrinkled leaves:
f12b/f02a and f12g/f02a ratio. Earlier phenology in warmer years is clearer in the early
bud-flushing group than in the late one. Periods between different bud swelling and
f12a, f12b, and f12g phenological phases were significantly shorter in 2017 (with a warm
April) than in 2015 (with moderate temperatures in March and April) in the early group,
but significantly longer in the late group. Examined traits were classified in six groups
based on their factorial loadings with the first six principal components rotated by Varimax
method, revealing strict distinction between traits by their original nature. In that sense,
all examined groups of traits could be considered as informative in variability studies of
pedunculate oak. The tree size traits (tree height and diameter at breast height) formed
the separate, fifth group, suggesting no close relationship of these traits with any other
examined characteristic. Both cluster analysis and PCA suggest distinct classification by
trees’ phenology, but also considerable differences by the second principal component
which is closely related to leaf size characteristics. The research should be continued on
variability between populations and progenies, especially with respect to phenological and
acorn morphometric traits. Understanding the phenological variations between early and
late oaks could be essential for designing robust forest adaptation management strategies.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Forests
T1  - Variability and Relationship Between Phenological and Morphological Traits in Early and Late Pedunculate Oak
IS  - 2
SP  - 198
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.3390/f16020198
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Bauer Živković, Andrijana and Šijačić Nikolić, Mirjana and Stojanović, Dejan and Orlović, Saša and Kovačević, Branislav",
year = "2025",
abstract = "Variability and relationship between phenological traits and leaf, acorn, and
tree size morphometric traits were examined in early and late bud-flushing groups of the
pedunculate oak population in the vicinity of Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia. According to
the obtained three-year results, there were no significant differences in tree size and leaf
morphometric characteristics between the early and late group. The effect of trees within
phenological groups was statistically significant and considerable, especially in leaf blade
width (lbw) and leaf area (la). Acorn length (acl) and acorn index (acinx) were significantly
influenced by phenological group, achieving moderate contribution of phenological group
to the total variation. There was a clear effect of phenological group on variation of
examined phenological traits. The effect of year of monitoring on the same traits was
not significant, but there was a clear effect of interaction between phenological group
and year, especially in case of traits describing the period from bud swelling until the
emergence of wrinkled leaves (f12a), unfolded leaves (f12b), and fully developed leaves
(f12g) and their ratio with the period from 8 March until the emergence of wrinkled leaves:
f12b/f02a and f12g/f02a ratio. Earlier phenology in warmer years is clearer in the early
bud-flushing group than in the late one. Periods between different bud swelling and
f12a, f12b, and f12g phenological phases were significantly shorter in 2017 (with a warm
April) than in 2015 (with moderate temperatures in March and April) in the early group,
but significantly longer in the late group. Examined traits were classified in six groups
based on their factorial loadings with the first six principal components rotated by Varimax
method, revealing strict distinction between traits by their original nature. In that sense,
all examined groups of traits could be considered as informative in variability studies of
pedunculate oak. The tree size traits (tree height and diameter at breast height) formed
the separate, fifth group, suggesting no close relationship of these traits with any other
examined characteristic. Both cluster analysis and PCA suggest distinct classification by
trees’ phenology, but also considerable differences by the second principal component
which is closely related to leaf size characteristics. The research should be continued on
variability between populations and progenies, especially with respect to phenological and
acorn morphometric traits. Understanding the phenological variations between early and
late oaks could be essential for designing robust forest adaptation management strategies.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Forests",
title = "Variability and Relationship Between Phenological and Morphological Traits in Early and Late Pedunculate Oak",
number = "2",
pages = "198",
volume = "16",
doi = "10.3390/f16020198"
}

Bauer Živković, A., Šijačić Nikolić, M., Stojanović, D., Orlović, S.,& Kovačević, B.. (2025). Variability and Relationship Between Phenological and Morphological Traits in Early and Late Pedunculate Oak. in Forests
MDPI., 16(2), 198.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020198

Bauer Živković A, Šijačić Nikolić M, Stojanović D, Orlović S, Kovačević B. Variability and Relationship Between Phenological and Morphological Traits in Early and Late Pedunculate Oak. in Forests. 2025;16(2):198.
doi:10.3390/f16020198 .

Bauer Živković, Andrijana, Šijačić Nikolić, Mirjana, Stojanović, Dejan, Orlović, Saša, Kovačević, Branislav, "Variability and Relationship Between Phenological and Morphological Traits in Early and Late Pedunculate Oak" in Forests, 16, no. 2 (2025):198,
https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020198 . .